Purpose: The National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children in Korea began on a nationwide scale in 2007 and has since been successfully established and implemented. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of the National Health Screening Program for Infants and Children and to examine the rate of diagnostic evaluation and its positive predictive value. Methods: We analyzed the results of the National Health Screening Program for 2,617 infants and children that visited Cheil General Hospital and Women’s Healthcare Center, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, and Korea University Guro Hospital. We conducted a telephone survey of a total of 150 out of 173 program participants whose infants and children had abnormal findings, excluding 23 who refused to respond or could not be contacted, and examined whether they underwent diagnostic evaluation and their final diagnoses. Results: The positive rate among the total visiting infants and children was 6.6%, and development showed the highest positive rate. The overall rate of diagnostic evaluation was 71.3%, and the rate of diagnostic evaluation was generally high for those with abnormalities in the anthropometric results. The overall positive predictive rate ( PPV) was 53.0%, and PPV was particularly high at 90.0% for head circumference below the 5th percentile. Conclusion: The results of the comparison of the rate of diagnostic evaluation and PPV on the basis of the positive rate suggest that the rate of diagnostic evaluation should be raised for the early detection of disease.